"Everyone told me that ...plays, aiming at anything
like a moral, would never pay... Hypocrites was my first chance to prove that I
was right."
Lois Weber from a Moving Picture Weekly interview in
July 1915.
By 1915 Lois Weber was reaching a peak of popularity that
would see her as one of the highest paid directors in Hollywood and also rival to
DW Griffith for prestige. They were also both “Banned in Boston” but for
completely different reasons one for her art the other for his racism (as
clearly articulated at the time). But, as Anfield’s finest, Caroline Cassin,
film programmer and MC at Women & Cocaine, pointed out in her introduction,
Lois has been largely left out of cinema’s history books even as her competitor
continues with more respect than he deserves.
Caroline quoted screen writer Clara Berringer in 1919 saying
that no other industry has given women such an opportunity as the motion
pictures had and it’s still an astounding statistic that more women were
working in the first 20 years of the American film industry than are working
now – and in more senior positions. Lois Weber made 40 feature films and 95
shorts in a 26-year career which compares well with Griffith’s 33 features and
Cecil B DeMille’s 70 over his lengthy career. But this also means that she made
almost as many features as Greta Gerwig (four), Katherine Bigelow (ten), Clair
Denis and Chantal Akerman (14 each).
The problem is now and not then and, as Caroline said,
looking back can be the most radical action especially in a world in which the progression
of rights and equality is no longer a given. By 1920 California had given women
the vote ahead of almost everyone else, women had the minimum wage and outnumbered
men in LA but at the same time, the business of filmmaking was being consolidated
into male-dominated consortia and accountants were getting an ever firmer grip
on the means of creative production.
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| Blessed are the Marketers... |
Weber had always been commercially successful and this film returned
$133,000 at the box office1 against a budget of $18,000 - a return
on investment rarely found in today’s multiplex-driven portfolios in which even
micro-management of from concept to edit does not guarantee success. In 1915,
Griffith and Weber both had the final say throughout (which leaves him with no
excuses and her with an extraordinary body of work tackling social and moral
issues. If Shoes was about poverty, Where Are My Children family
planning, then Hypocrites is about Weber’s view of Christian morality… and
basically the way we live our rotten lives.
The moral underswell of the film is so much rooted in
contemporary Christian belief that it is slightly obscure to modern viewers,
especially those, like me, who skipped Sunday school and let himself down in O
Level RE – I mean how can you go from 90%+ in mocks to a Grade C?! Anyway… the
film’s publicity makes the aims clear, quoting from a “special report” from the
National Board of Censorship: “This allegorical satire hits at the foibles
and immoralities of modern society and asks for a recognition of the truth in
all things…” This serious piece of “artistically-handled” symbolism only
reveals itself if we understand the strict moral Christian teachings that were
supposed to underpin American society the – actual – truth being now as then
that the more these are trumpeted in church the more they are contradicted by
the behaviours or ordinary citizens and, of course, by those in power.
So, whilst we might not all be fundamentalists we can
certainly agree on the mass hypocrisy. We can also recognise Weber’s bravery in
picking a fight with the immoral majority, especially given their role in
distributing the film. Let he or she who is without sin or sense of perspective,
cast the first stone…
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| Readers of this blog... |
Hypocrites begins its twisty narrative in a
small-town church in which an earnest priest (Courtenay Foote) is trying his
upmost to connect with his mostly complacent parishioners. Weber’s camera
focuses on groups in the audience, a bored businessman here, a distractedly
faint-hearted family there and many caught up in everyday concerns who are just
going through the motions, attending church as a social obligation whilst they
think of better things to do. The preacher despairs of truly reaching them, the
wandering attention of his own choir being aptly demonstrated by his discovery
of a Sunday scandal-sheet featuring a story on Why the Truth has Startled
Paris. This is a painting from 1914 by Adolphe Faugerson and is not Weber’s
only illusion to classical art and literature in the film.
Truth is naked in the illustration in the paper… as she will
be throughout as portrayed by Margaret Edwards, former winner of a body
beautiful competition - "the most perfectly formed girl on the stage..."
- who reveals pretty much all in misty double exposure… with Weber deploying a flesh-coloured
bodysuit according to Stamp, to protect most of her modesty.
“I want to take exception to your statement that The
Hypocrites was produced to attract by reason of the nude woman… I hoped that
the picture would act as a moral force. The nude woman is too delicately
carried through to act otherwise.”
Lois Weber, New York Mail, 23rd January 1915
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| Myrtle Stedman wants to follow Courtenay Foote |
Exhausted the priest falls asleep and starts to dream of his
struggle, finding himself attempting to lead his parishioners up a steep
hillside. Few follow, and as the people cannot make the journey to find the
truth the priest asks for the Truth to come to them and the two descend into a
story within the dream in which he is Gabriel the Ascetic, sculpting a statue
of Truth which nearly blinds even his fellow monks once it is revealed to the
public there is mayhem.
The scene involving the public unveiling is a great set
piece from Weber, her camera panning round a circle of assorted rich and poor, the
royal family, soldiers, drunkards, working girls and the innocent. They are
made up of the same faces from the church all deaf to the truth with the
exception of a young girl, a woman who has fallen too far and a nun who loves
Gabriel the man not the monk...
We see a lot more Truth as the narrative moves through the
ages until Gabriel brings her to the modern world in order to hold her mirror
up to scenes of politics, high society, relationships, and family. All are
found to be flawed with the family facing the death of a child through their overindulgence.
Weber’s composition is so strong and in one remarkable sequence, The Mote in
the Eye, the camera focuses on the eye of Myrtle Stedman to show Gabriel's
face: she wants to do the right thing but her feelings for him overwhelm her
moral decision. It's a great bit of composition and if you look hard enough you
can see the cameraman's hand whirring the camera's handle round.
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| Fashionable fibs... |
Lois makes sure we get the point, again and again... and Courtenay
Foote convincingly holds the hope and despair of the pious whilst Myrtle
Stedman is also convincing as the woman with the Ascetic in her eyes, Adele
Farrington covers a range of roles with assurance and Dixie Carr makes for a
mournful Magdalene. Of course, Miss Edwards deserves a special mention for great
posturing and Lois is right, her appearances do not present in a salacious way:
what the viewer sees is what they wants to see and a decade before Hitchcock,
Weber was making voyeurs of her audience.
Naturally there was naked controversy and in spite of
scrupulous efforts to ensure that religious and secular authority were won over
by the moral message Ohio banned the film and the Mayor of Boston reputedly
asked for Truth to be painted over - so that the whole truth was less revealed?
Nevertheless, Hypocrites was a smash and Mr de Mille was no doubt taking
notes about classicism and fleshy displays.
The film opened on 20th January 1915 at the Longacre Theatre
in New York with an actor dressed as a monk providing a live prologue... this
was serious and very popular, stuff. The New York Times called it "daring
and artistic" whilst the Evening Telegram went so far as to say it was
"...the most remarkable film ever seen". Margaret Edwards even
appeared at the Los Angeles opening, dancing between the screenings - it was an
event.
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| Can you see the cameraman? |
As it established Weber’s reputation – securing her “authorial
signature” as Stamp puts it– it was also “a meditation on her own enterprise” with
Paul D. Young2 saying that Hypocrites “embraces its own
constructedness, the better to elevate the filmmaker to the status of an
artist.” So, as Weber later said, it was she as well as Truth that was holding
a mirror of truth that her audience might see themselves. Surely a more
worthwhile endeavour than re-telling the alternative facts about the formation
of the KKK?
Weber remains a vital historical figure for such revelations
about the emerging motivations of “art-house” filmmakers as well as what her
successes show of the appetite of audiences to be challenged. America’s first
homegrown woman film director needed to pay her way in this business and for a good
while she did just that, the story of Lois Weber is one of ground-breaking
success and it’s that vibrant career which still informs the period and should be
celebrated just as we did tonight!
Two Weber shorts were also screened, Fine Feathers (1912) and the immaculate Suspense (1913) which fits together so many advanced cinematic technique that Griffith fans really do need to give their heads a proper wobble!
The film was screened as part of the Woman with a Movie Camera
strand and more details can be found on the BFI website.
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| More classical allusion... Rodin or earlier? |
1. As per Shelley Stamp in Lois Weber in Early
Hollywood, (2015) University of California Press – the definitive text on the
filmmaker’s work and recommended reading as is Anthony Slide’s Lois Weber:
The Director Who Lost Her Way in History (1996), Greenwood.
2. Yours Sincerely, Lois Weber:
Hypocrites and the Passionate Recognition of Authorship, Cinema Journal 55,
no.1 (2015) as quoted by Shelley Stamp in the above!
*John Winston Ono Lennon
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